Simulation of Liquid NH3 Spray Characteristics for Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) under Engine-Relevant Conditions

Zahari, Nuraqilah and Manshoor, Bukhari and Roslan, Mohamad Hafizuddin and Sapit, Azwan and Zaman, Izzuddin and Didane, Djamal Hissein and Abdul Haq, Reazul Haq and Kamarudin, Kamarul-Azhar and Saleman, Abdul Rafeq and Rathje, Rio Marco and Rothe, Christin and Ibrahim, Mohd Nizam (2025) Simulation of Liquid NH3 Spray Characteristics for Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) under Engine-Relevant Conditions. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 126 (2). pp. 62-72. ISSN 2289-7879

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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.126.2.6272

Abstract

Fuel/air mixing characteristics of liquid ammonia under direct injection engines have gained significant attention in the automotive industry due to their potential for improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions. This study employed a simulation approach to investigate the spray characteristics of liquid ammonia for Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) under Engine-Relevant Conditions. Conversely, lower injection pressures resulted in shorter spray penetration due to reduced fuel momentum and weaker atomisation. The main variable in this study is injection pressure, which is 50 bar, 80 bar and 110 bar. Meanwhile, the parameters for the orifice diameter used in the CFD simulation by Ansys Fluent are 0.3 mm and the ambient pressures, which are atmosphere pressure and the other hand, remain constant throughout the research. The simulation results showed a clear relationship between injection pressure and spray penetration. Higher injection pressures increased spray penetration, indicating improved fuel dispersion and atomisation. This is attributed to the higher kinetic energy of the fuel, leading to enhanced breakup and smaller droplet sizes.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Liquid ammonia spray; GDI injector; fuel dispersion; computational fluid dynamics (CFD); spray penetration
Subjects:	T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
Divisions:	Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering > FKMP
Depositing User:	Mr. Mohamad Zulkhibri Rahmad
Date Deposited:	18 Aug 2025 03:42
Last Modified:	18 Aug 2025 03:42
URI:	http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/id/eprint/12994

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