Consistent map building in petrochemical complexes for firefighter robots using SLAM based on GPS and LIDAR

Shamsudin, Abu Ubaidah and Ohno, Kazunori and Hamada, Ryunosuke and Kojima, Shotaro and Westfechtel, Thomas and Suzuki, Takahiro and Okada, Yoshito and Tadokoro, Satoshi and Fujita, Jun and Amano, Hisanori (2018) Consistent map building in petrochemical complexes for firefighter robots using SLAM based on GPS and LIDAR. ROBOMECH Journal, 5 (7). pp. 1-13. ISSN 2197-4225

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Abstract

The objective of this study was to achieve simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) of firefighter robots for petrochemical complexes. Consistency of the SLAM map is important because human operators compare the map with aerial images and identify target positions on the map. The global positioning system (GPS) enables increased consistency. Therefore, this paper describes two Rao-Blackwellized particle filters (RBPFs) based on GPS and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) as SLAM solutions. Fast-SLAM 1.0 and Fast-SLAM 2.0 were used in grid maps for RBPFs in this study. We herein propose the use of Fast-SLAM to combine GPS and LIDAR. The difference between the original Fast-SLAM and the proposed method is the use of the log-likelihood function of GPS; the proposed combination method is implemented using a probabilistic mathematics formulation. The proposed methods were evaluated using sensor data measured in a real petrochemical complex in Japan ranging in size from 550–380 m. RTK-GPS data was used for the GPS measurement and had an availability of 56%. Our results showed that Fast-SLAM 2.0 based on GPS and LIDAR in a dense grid map produced the best results. There was significant improvement in alignment to aerial data, and the mean square root error was 0.65 m. To evaluate the mapping consistency, accurate 3D point cloud data measured by Faro Focus 3D (± 3 mm) was used as the ground truth. Building sizes were compared; the minimum mean errors were 0.17 and 0.08 m for the oil refinery and management building area and the area of a sparse building layout with large oil tanks, respectively. Consequently, a consistent map, which was also consistent with an aerial map (from Google Maps), was built by Fast-SLAM 1.0 and 2.0 based on GPS and LIDAR. Our method reproduced map consistency results for ten runs with a variance of ± 0.3 m. Our method reproduced map consistency results with a global accuracy of 0.52 m in a low RTK-Fix-GPS environment, which was a factory with a building layout similar to petrochemical complexes with 20.9% of RTK-Fix-GPS data availability.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Disaster robotic; SLAM; Mapping
Subjects:	T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery > TJ210.2-211.47 Mechanical devices and figures. Automata. Ingenious mechanisms. Robots (General)
Divisions:	Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering > Department of Electronic Enngineering
Depositing User:	Miss Afiqah Faiqah Mohd Hafiz
Date Deposited:	20 Oct 2021 04:02
Last Modified:	20 Oct 2021 04:02
URI:	http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/id/eprint/2532

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